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APUSH-19
Intellectual and Cultural Movements
Resources:
History as Destiny: The Case of New York City
Relevant interactive tools:
Colonial City: Revolutionary Battleground
Relevant transcripts:
Urban Crisis: Fire and Water
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Urban Crisis: Disease, Crime, and Space
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The Old South
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The Crisis of Victorianism
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The Search for a Scientific Culture
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Relevant transcripts: Resource Type: E-Seminar Between the end of the Civil War and 1900, educated Americans reacted against Victorian values. In the first in a series of e-seminars, Casey Blake describes the new attitudes about the future, the separation of the sexes, masculinity, and the role of women. He concludes by reflecting on the beginnings of modernism at the end of the nineteenth century. The Threat of Change Resource Type: Primary Source Middle-class family, c. 1865: a long-unquestioned configuration. Intellectual and Cultural History of the United States, 1890-1945—E-Seminar 2, The Search for a Scientific Culture Resource Type: E-Seminar By the end of the nineteenth century, science and technology were exerting a tremendous influence on life in the United States. In this second e-seminar of the series, Casey Nelson Blake explores why Darwin's ideas seemed so revolutionary and how Darwinism helped to move the United States toward a more secular and scientific modern culture. The Tension Between Faith and Science Resource Type: Primary Source Knowledge through revelation: evangelist Dwight Moody preaching (1876). Responses of Protestant Leaders Resource Type: Primary Source The prominent preacher and lecturer Henry Ward Beecher (1813-87), whose published works included Evolution and Religion (1885). Science as Surrogate Religion Resource Type: Primary Source Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), a philosopher and early proponent of pragmatism. Science as Surrogate Religion Resource Type: Primary Source In photographs, prominent nineteenth-century scientists were often embued with a quasi-religious aura. This photograph of Jollivet Castelot in his laboratory captures the French scientist in a meditative pose (c. 1880). The Yellow Wall Paper Resource Type: Primary Source Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a well-educated American woman who became depressed after her marriage in 1884. Diagnosed with neurasthenia and prescribed the "rest-cure,"she later wrote about her experience in The Yellow Wall Paper, published in 1899. Scientific Advances and Thinking Resource Type: Document-Based Question By the late-nineteenth century, science and scientific thought influenced American intellectual life and culture. The documents attached to this DBQ allow students to assess how the achievements of science were both admired and feared. The Warfare of Science with Theology Resource Type: Primary Source Andrew D. White was an American educator who wrote about the controversial reactions to Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species in his book, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, published in 1896. Brooklyn Bridge Resource Type: Primary Source An important American modernist painter, John Marin (1870–1953) established his reputation with his work in watercolors. Although known for his landscape paintings, Marin expresses his interest in urban life in Brooklyn Bridge, which associates the excitement of New York with the famous bridge. The bridge connects Manhattan to Brooklyn and had been completed about thirty years earlier, in 1883. Principles of American Reform Judaism Resource Type: Primary Source In 1885, American Reform rabbis met in Pittsburgh to outline the basic principles of American Reform Judaism. A New Masculinity Resource Type: Point-Counterpoint Historians are grappling with the changing definitions of American male identity that developed at the end of the nineteenth century. Casey Blake argues that American men were looking for ways to "compensate" for what they regarded as the feminine elements of modern life, particularly those brought about by rapid urbanization and industrialization. In response, a new definition of manhood, what Blake terms "aggressive male individualism," emerged. A teacher examines the interpretations of Gail Bederman and Susan Curtis. Young Generation's Response to Victorian Culture Resource Type: Point-Counterpoint Casey Blake explains why the generation of educated Americans that came of age during the 1880s and 1890s rejected the Victorian culture of their parents, which focused on maintaining rigid control and creating an order to life. A teacher examines competing interpretations and finds that historian George Cotkin does not regard the break from Victorian culture as having been as dramatic as Blake and Lewis Erenberg insist. Science and Religion Resource Type: Point-Counterpoint Casey Blake argues that Americans in the late nineteenth century were excited about new scientific developments but were also somewhat fearful—or at least ambivalent—about how science might alter religious and moral values. Historians differ on the nature and extent of the tension between religious faith and a scientific approach to knowledge, which Americans sought to resolve. A teacher examines the subtleties of Charles Rosenberg, James Turner, and Paul Croce. Social Darwinism Resource Type: Point-Counterpoint The doctrine of Social Darwinism was historically interpreted in a variety of ways, and as such it was used to defend a host of ideological perspectives, which in some cases conflicted with one another. A teacher examines the competing interpretations of Richard Hofstadter, Robert Bannister, and Mike Hawkins. Women and Social Reform Resource Type: Classroom Simulation In this simulation, students will be assigned the role of a prominent, late-nineteenth-century, middle-class American woman. The goal is to understand the changing perceptions and roles of women in Progressive-era America, as they took on leadership roles in a variety of associational groups such as the YWCA and the Red Cross. Social Darwinism Resource Type: Classroom Simulation This simulation captures American society in 1900 and presents a fictional meeting of educators. In their respective roles, students will debate the ways in which educational reform can improve American society. Students will understand how different strands of social-Darwinist thought informed American life, culture, and politics, imposing a legacy which continues to affect American education as well as the larger society. Margaret Sanger on Working Women Resource Type: Primary Source Margaret Sanger became nationally famous for organizing a birth-control movement. In this 1915 issue of the International Socialist Review, Sanger discusses working women. Mrs. Marion Crocker on the Conservation Imperative Resource Type: Primary Source Mrs. Marion Crocker of the General Federation of Women's Clubs wholeheartedly endorsed the conservation movement, and the scientific basis on which it stood, in this 1912 speech to the Fourth Annual Conservation Congress. Sumner on Social Darwinism Resource Type: Primary Source William Graham Sumner was an American social scientist influenced by Herbert Spencer and Charles Darwin. Sumner applied Darwin's evolutionary theory to human society. The Divorce of Theory and Practice Resource Type: Primary Source George Santayana (1863-1952). Women and the Progressive Era Resource Type: Document-Based Question The discussion of women at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century is often separated into different chapters and topics. This DBQ asks students to combine what they have learned about American society and about the changing roles and perceptions of women to evaluate the women's movement during the Progressive Era. The First Loan Fund Recipient Resource Type: Primary Source Frances Johnson was the first recipient of a college loan from a branch of the American Association of University Women. This enabled her to attend Cornell University. She is discussed in the minutes of the branch, published in 1925. Marriage Rates of Alumnae Resource Type: Primary Source This table shows the marriage rates of women who graduated from a variety of American colleges during the period of 1820–1930. The Physical World Transformed Resource Type: Primary Source Thomas Edison in his workshop, as depicted on the front page of Harper's Weekly (August 2, 1879) The Tension Between Faith and Science Resource Type: Primary Source Knowledge through verification: French chemist Louis Pasteur at work (c. 1870). The Morality of Science Resource Type: Primary Source Scientific collaboration: British physicist Sir Oliver Lodge at work in his laboratory with two colleagues (c. 1892). The Cotton Kingdom: The Industrial Revolution Resource Type: Primary Source In 1793, while working as a tutor on a Georgia plantation, Whitney came up with the idea of removing the seeds from cotton by machine. Though every schoolchild recalls "Eli Whitney and the cotton gin," few realize the stark innovation that such a machine was. The gin (short for engine) in essence made it possible for cotton to become "king," as it picked approximately 50 times more cotton seeds per day than any enslaved worker could. Cotton prices soared over time and made the South a world leader in supplying cotton. Annual Report of the Interments Resource Type: Primary Source Dr. John Hoskins Griscom (1809–74), a Quaker physician, founded the New York Academy of Medicine and pioneered the field of public health. His advocacy for sanitation, medical care, and adequate housing led to the great reforms of the Progressive Era after the Civil War. Evolution and Religion Resource Type: Primary Source Reverend Henry Ward Beecher, one of the most famous Congregational preachers of his day, involved himself in controversy when he accepted Charles Darwin's theories of evolution. Out in the Automobile Resource Type: Primary Source The comedian Arthur Collins and the tenor Byron Harlan wrote lyrics for many humorous songs. "Out in the Automobile" pokes fun at early-twentieth-century cars. Mechanized Home Laundry Resource Type: Primary Source This drawing dramatically illustrates the increasing mechanization of domestic life during the second decade of the twentieth century. Social Darwinism: Its Influence and Legacy Resource Type: Document-Based Question Social Darwinism is usually understood as an ideology that justified survival of the fittest, that argued against government intervention or social reform to improve society. The documents in this DBQ, however, point to the complexity of social-Darwinist thought, considering how a progressive version fueled the Progressive Era and how a conservative strand exerted tremendous influence in American political thought. Annual Report of the Interments Resource Type: Primary Source Dr. John Hoskins Griscom (1809–74), a Quaker physician, founded the New York Academy of Medicine and pioneered the field of public health. His advocacy for sanitation, medical care, and adequate housing led to the great reforms of the Progressive Era after the Civil War. The Environmental Movements Resource Type: Document-Based Question The larger issues of western expansion, industrialization, urbanization, and progressivism are explored in this DBQ on the environmental movements that arose at the end of the nineteenth century. The Principles of Scientific Management Resource Type: Primary Source Frederick W. Taylor was a mechanical engineer who wrote extensively about scientific management, a method of managing groups of people based on scientific principles, as part of progressive notions of efficiency. His ideas influenced business management theory in America and around the world. The Principles of Scientific Management is a collection of his essays published in 1911. Mrs. Marion Crocker on the Conservation Imperative Resource Type: Primary Source Mrs. Marion Crocker of the General Federation of Women's Clubs wholeheartedly endorsed the conservation movement, and the scientific basis on which it stood, in this 1912 speech to the Fourth Annual Conservation Congress. Sumner on Social Darwinism Resource Type: Primary Source William Graham Sumner was an American social scientist influenced by Herbert Spencer and Charles Darwin. Sumner applied Darwin's evolutionary theory to human society. The Frontier in American History Resource Type: Primary Source After the 1890 census, the historian Frederick Jackson Turner wrote an essay on the role of the American frontier in shaping the American character. Turner and the End of the Frontier Resource Type: Primary Source The Columbian Exposition of 1893. The Victorian Mind Resource Type: Primary Source Glass cases (Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford) typical of nineteenth-century museums. The Environmental Movements Resource Type: Document-Based Question The larger issues of western expansion, industrialization, urbanization, and progressivism are explored in this DBQ on the environmental movements that arose at the end of the nineteenth century. Railroad Ad Resource Type: Primary Source This Northern Pacific Railroad advertisement appeared in a 1900 issue of Harper's Weekly. The advertisement promotes travel to Yellowstone National Park. Margaret Sanger on Working Women Resource Type: Primary Source Margaret Sanger became nationally famous for organizing a birth-control movement. In this 1915 issue of the International Socialist Review, Sanger discusses working women. Kodak Camera Ad Resource Type: Primary Source This advertisement for Kodak cameras appeared in a 1900 issue of the magazine Youth's Companion. Remington Typewriter Company Ad Resource Type: Primary Source In a 1905 advertisement, the Remington Typewriter Company used two letters by Mark Twain to illustrate how his attitude toward the typewriter had changed over a period of thirty years. Out in the Automobile Resource Type: Primary Source The comedian Arthur Collins and the tenor Byron Harlan wrote lyrics for many humorous songs. "Out in the Automobile" pokes fun at early-twentieth-century cars. Urban Society: Central Park and Social Reform Resource Type: Document-Based Question This microhistory of Central Park in New York City provides students with a laboratory for learning how social reformers attempted to clean the city of its slums and promote the well-being of its residents. These tools can be applied to the study of any large city. Railroad Ad Resource Type: Primary Source This Northern Pacific Railroad advertisement appeared in a 1900 issue of Harper's Weekly. The advertisement promotes travel to Yellowstone National Park. Growth of Woman's Christian Temperance Union Resource Type: Primary Source This 1959 chart shows the growth in membership of women involved in the movement to prohibit the consumption of alcohol. The Impact of The Origin of Species Resource Type: Primary Source Darwinism was charicatured not only in the press but in other forms of popular culture as well. The refrain of this novelty song with music by "O'Rangoutang" is "It certainly is most absurd/ The fact can never be!/ My great grand daddy never was/ A 'Monkey' up a tree" (1874). Tenement Slum Resource Type: Primary Source Jacob Riis, a reporter for the New York Sun newspaper, helped raise awareness about the conditions of the urban poor with his 1890 publication, How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York. This book would later influence Theodore Roosevelt. | |
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